This overactivation of the immune system causes fever. Rate of decline of ferritin in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a prognostic variable for mortality. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias. The prognosis likely depends on several factors, such as age of onset. Hlh can occur as a familial or sporadic disorder, and it can be triggered by a variety of. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an aggressive and lifethreatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. Signs and symptoms of virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, include high fever, liver problems, enlarged liver and spleen, coagulation factor abnormalities, decreased red or white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia, and a buildup of histiocytes, a type of immune cell, in various tissues in. Clinical features of hemophagocytic syndrome in patients. The latter can be secondary to infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases.
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ie, acquired hemophagocytic. Durham, in pathologic basis of veterinary disease sixth edition, 2017. Hemophagocytic syndrome in patients with acute myeloid. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis wiley online library.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, also known as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis british spelling, and hemophagocytic or haemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder seen more often in children than in adults. Familial forms result from genetic defects in natural killer cells and. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a syndrome describing patients. Depending on the etiology, hlh can be divided into genetic i. Jul 21, 2015 hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis uncommon, lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by severe hypercytokinemia due to a highly stimulated but ineffective immune process by. Infection and malignancyassociated hemophagocytic syndromes.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare, life threatening condition characterized by. Lymphohistiocytosis hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. In contrast, stress, uncertainty, and rumoring in the postmerger. May 08, 20 virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome is a very serious complication of a viral infection. It mostly affects infants and children but can develop at any age. Pdf hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is not an independent disease but rather a lifethreatening clinical syndrome that occurs in. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis british spelling, and hemophagocytic or haemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder seen more often in children than in adults. Meige syndrome nord national organization for rare. This syndrome is frequently unrecognized, and thus, affected children may receive suboptimal management, leading to an increase in mortality. The treatment and prognosis of patients with hlh and the macrophage activation syndrome mas, a form of hlh in patients with.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh was first described in. The clinical features are fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphoadenopathy and pancytopenia, secondary to a phenomenon of phagocytosis of hematological elements and their precursors in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs 1,2,3. Dec 15, 2005 pediatric hemophagocytic syndrome hs is a severe and often fatal clinical disorder. A case of hemophagocytic syndrome due to tuberculosis. The mr imaging appearance of a case of virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome complicated by diffuse cns infiltration is presented. It most frequently affects infants from birth to 18 months of age, but the disease is also observed in children and adults of all ages. Prompt treatment is critical, but the greatest barrier to a successful outcome is often a delay in diagnosis due to the rarity of this syndrome. Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a heterogenic syndrome, which leads to an acute, lifethreatening inflammatory reaction. Characterized by benign proliferation of the mature histiocyte.
Pediatric hemophagocytic syndrome hs is a severe and often fatal clinical disorder. Clinical features and diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. She had abdominal effusion which was determined to be a modified transudate. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rapidly progressive, lifethreatening syndrome of excessive immune activation. Pdf secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome in. In addition, to improve outcome, it is essential to identify the disorders underlying hlh and provide disorder. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. Discussion hemophagocytic syndromehemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosishlh it is a rare ds. Sep 11, 2017 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh may be inherited or acquired due to nongenetic factors. Meige syndrome is a rare neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary and often forceful contractions of the muscles of the jaw and tongue oromandibular dystonia and involuntary muscle spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyes blepharospasm. Hlh appears to affect all ages, although the hereditary and sporadic cases are reported primarily in children. A 4 year old female spayed border collie mix had a 10 day history of refractory imha itp with possible dic.
It is characterized by benign proliferation of mature histiocytes and uncontrolled phagocytosis of the platelet, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and their hematopoieti. Hereditary and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. For claims with a date of service on or after october 1, 2015, use an equivalent icd10cm code or codes. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a term used to describe the proliferation of nonneoplastic i. Familial hlh is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Hemophagocytic syndrome is more often primary that is, hereditary type as a result of genetic disturbance in the work of macrophages. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of.
Hlh represents the extreme end of a severe uncontrolled hyperinflammatory reaction that can occur in many underlying conditions. Islands of erythroid precursors are also prominent. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of hemophagocytic. Unusual causes of haemophagocytic syndrome fatin al sayes, mrcpath, frcpc haemophagocytic syndrome is rare, often fatal clinical disorder in which release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages results in marked haemophagocytosis. Pdf hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome and not an independent disease. The hemophagocytic syndrome, also called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a collection of nonmalignant but frequently lifethreatening disorders, associated with an ever growing list of genetic and acquired causes 17,18 box 5.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and. Hemophagocytic syndrome has been described as a disorder of morphologically normal macrophages. Pathology outlines hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hlh may be diagnosed in association with malignant, genetic, or autoimmune. Hemophagocytic syndromes histiocytosis association. Vahs is a life threatening disorder characterized by secondary hlh with benign histiocytic proliferation, marked hemophagocytosis and evidence of active viral infection. Excessive amounts of immune system proteins called cytokines are also produced. Pdf haemophagocytic syndrome in rheumatic patients. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening syndrome characterized by a dysregulated hyperinflammatory response associated with aberrant. Classification of hemophagocytic syndrome primary or genetic hemophagocytic syndrome familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis immune deficiency syndrome type 1 hplh1, 9q21. There is uncontrolled phagocytosis of the platelet, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and their hematopoietic precursors in the bm giving rise to cytopenias. In general, hlh is a syndrome of pathologic immune activation with clinical manifestations of extreme inflammation. The abdominal cavity contained approximately 100200 ml of.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, or haemophagocytic syndrome is a lifethreatening disease with a reported mortality of over 50% 3, belonging. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome and not an independent disease. Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Myeloid disorders hereditary causes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis published date. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh may be inherited or acquired due to nongenetic factors. Pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis blood american. The condition is rare but has been recognized in dogs and cats. Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection volume 6, number 6. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis linkedin slideshare. Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is the manifestation of immune dysregulation. Subsequently, hlh has been reported in association with a variety of infections, and the term reactive hemophagocytic syndrome has been suggested to distinguish hlh associated with an identifiable infectious or noninfectious etiology from its hereditary forms.
A multicenter retrospective analysis of 162 patients, the american journal of medicine 2014, doi. Histiocytic glomerulopathy associated with macrophage. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome genetic and rare. There is no doubt that vahs occurred in this patient infected with swine flu. According to a large, populationbased study published in sweden, it was estimated to occur in 1. It is associated with ineffective but exaggerated immune response and infiltration of active lymphocytes and histiocytes in various organs. Review the clinical features and epidemiology of hlh, its association with infection, and evidence that this syndrome results from disordered cellular immunity. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis genetic and. Prompt initiation of treatment for hlh is essential for the survival of affected patients. Clinically, patients present signs of severe inflammation, with unremitting fever, cytopenias. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is further subdivided into the following. We are presenting two unusual cases of adults with haemophagocytic syndrome.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh covers a wide array of related lifethreatening conditions featuring ineffective immunity characterized by an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory response. Is ideal for patients with a clinical suspicion of chediakhigashi syndrome, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, griscelli syndrome or lymphoproliferative syndrome. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, or haemophagocytic syndrome is a lifethreatening disease with a reported mortality of over 50% 3, belonging to the socalled cytokine storm syndromes. Clinically, patients present signs of severe inflammation, with unremitting fever. Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome is also called acquired. The parents of an affected person usually each carry one mutated copy of the. The specific symptoms and their severity vary from case to case. Serum levels of various parameters including cytokines were determined during the active. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a condition of immune system dysregulation characterized by both severe inflammation and uncontrolled activation of t cells and macrophages inducing severe, sometimes fatal, organ damage observed in the bone marrow, liver, and central nervous system. Genetic forms of hlhs are due to defects in transport, processing and function of cytotoxic. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome genetic and. Hemophagocytic syndrome an overview sciencedirect topics. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh hemophagocytic syndrome hps is a rare and potentially lifethreatening blood disorder of the immune system.
It is sometimes difficult to establish the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, and the combination of the physical symptoms and certain laboratory tests is required. Haemophagocytic syndrome in a dog veterinary pathology. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as macrophage activation syndrome when occurring in the setting of a rheumatologic disorder, is a nonmalignant but oftenfatal disorder of immune dysregulation affecting multiple organs. Hemophagocytic syndrome in children and adults springerlink. Cns involvement of virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome. On readmission the patient was finally diagnosed as hepatitis a with prolonged cholestasis and vahs,since the patient had developed features of hemophagocytic syndrome. I read the recent publication on swine flu and hemophagocytic syndrome with great interest. Macrophage activation syndrome mas is a lifethreatening complication of rheumatic disease that, for unknown reasons, occurs much more frequently in individuals with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis sjia and in those with adultonset still disease. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues.
The genes on this panel are included in the bone marrow failure syndrome panel and the comprehensive hematology panel. A set of diagnostic criteria was recommended by the histiocyte society for use in the hlh2004 research protocol, and this was revised in 2007. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome is a very serious complication of a viral infection. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare syndrome of pathologic immune activation in children that is increasingly being recognized in adults. The longterm outlook prognosis for people with meige syndrome is hard to predict because the specific symptoms, severity and progression of the condition vary from person to person.
In hlh, there is a deregulation of tlymphocytes and excessive production of cytokines leading to. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a rare disorder of the immune system primarily affecting young infants and children, although it can develop for the first time at any age. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a potentially fatal hyperin. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an imperfect name for this syndrome or group of syndromes as hemophagocytosis is often absent and lymphohistiocytosis lacks precision. This devastating clinical condition has myriad of clinical and biochemical manifestations such as fever, splenomegaly. Soluble hemoglobinhaptoglobin scavenger receptor cd163 as a lineagespecific marker in the reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Ppt hemophagocytic syndromes powerpoint presentation. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a disorder in which the immune system produces too many activated immune cells lymphocytes called t cells, natural killer cells, b cells, and macrophages histiocytes. It typically affects infants and young children but can be seen at all ages 5. This means that to be affected, a person must have a change mutation in both copies of the responsible gene in each cell. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis may be associated with primary immunodeficiency syndromes such as chediakhigashi syndrome, griscelli syndrome type 2, hermanskypudlak syndrome type 2 and xlinked lymphoproliferative disorder types 1 and 2 hematology am soc hematol educ program 2011. Macrophage activation syndrome is characterized by pancytopenia, liver insufficiency.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis radiology reference. Virusassociated hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare condition, precipitated by viral infection and characterized by proliferation of benign histiocytes with phagocytosis. Hemophagocytosis phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis uncommon, lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by severe hypercytokinemia due to a highly stimulated but ineffective immune process by. Apr 05, 2019 primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ie, familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis fel, an inherited form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome, is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder found to be more prevalent with parental consanguinity. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh comprises a. A low power view of the aspirate show a hypercellular marrow with a marked increase in megakaryocytes. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, also known as hemophagocytic syndrome, is an inherited or acquired histiocyte activation syndrome that is potentially fatal. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Mas falls under the umbrella group of diseases known as of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh or hemophagocytic syndrome hps. The identification of hemophagocytic histiocytes in bone marrow or, less commonly, in spleen or lymph node tissue represents a key diagnostic feature of hlh. Meige syndrome genetic and rare diseases information. It involves a proinflammatory cytokine storm with high levels of many cytokines e. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis genetics. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal disorder characterized by pathological immune activation associated with a primary familial disorder, genetic mutations, or occurring as a sporadic condition.
Macrophage activation syndrome mas is a severe condition due to a hyperinflammatory response resulting from exaggerated activation and proliferation of nonmalignant macrophages. Hlh occurs both in children and adults, and can be triggered by various inherited as well as acquired factors. Objectiveto determine the frequency, potential causes, and clinical and clinicopathologic features of hemophagocytic syndrome in dogs designretrospective study animals24 clientowned dogs proceduresrecords for dogs in which diagnostic bone marrow specimens including an aspiration smear and core biopsy material were obtained from 1996. It is a lifethreatening disease of severe hyperinflammation caused by uncontrolled proliferation of activated. Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection volume 6, number. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis panel blueprint genetics. Signs and symptoms of virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, include high fever, liver problems, enlarged liver and spleen, coagulation factor abnormalities, decreased red or white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia, and a buildup of histiocytes, a type of immune. Abstract hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh, is a heterogenic syndrome, which leads to an acute, lifethreatening in. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients. Swine flu and hemophagocytic syndrome springerlink. Introduction hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare disorder of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
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